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When you use the games and services created by BattleLine Games LLC., we understand that you are trusting us with your information, and we take the stewardship of this information very seriously. This Privacy Policy is intended to help you understand what data we collect, and why we are collecting it. In addition we use other services, such as Adsense that are using your data for their own needs. Because of this, you should also read the Google Privacy Policy in order to understand how they may be using your personal data.
Privacy Policy
Last modified:May 10, 2018
Summary Version
This is my personal attempt to tell you what we collect in short form. The bottom line is we leave some cookies and local data on your machine in order to do things like track scores and game progress. At times we store some game related data on servers in order to provide save that data for later use. An example of this is when we had a “create your own layout” option for our Mahjong game. The layouts were saved to a server along with a description and title you provided. We use services from other organizations to build our web stack, and these organizations have access to your data as you use our website and have their own Privacy Policies that you should also look into for a full understanding.
We are currently working to remove all social tags (e.g. facebook like buttons) from our web sites. Until that process is complete pages that still have social tags will allow those social networks to track you on our websites.
We use Amazon Web Services and GoDaddy to host our web servers, giving them access to our log data.
We use Google to provide our Advertising through Google Adsense, and on some websites we are using Google Analytics for usage analysis.
Long Form Version
When you are using games on the BattleLine Games LLC. Website, Games, and other Apps there are many different ways you generate and share information with us. In addition you may also be sharing information with other organizations such as Google and we will list the other privacy policies that you should read in order to understand how they use your personal data.
- Google - Advertising and web analytics
- Amazon Web Services - web hosting
- GoDaddy - web hosting
This Privacy Policy explains:
- What information we collect and why we collect it.
- How we use that information.
- What other organizations are using your information.
Information we collect
We collect information in the following ways:
Information you give us. In some games and services you provide us with information concerning the game. An example of this is our “build your own layout” tool. This information is stored in a database so that others can play the layout you created.
Information we get from your use of our services. We use Amazon Web Services and GoDaddy to host our web servers. Those services provide us access to quite a bit of data. We use that data to try and provide better service.
Device information
We've used information related to screen size, and browser type to provide a better experince for users with different screen sizes.
Log information
BattleLine Games does not host it's own web servers. We use Amazon Web Services and GoDaddy to provide us with web servers, and those services are logging information that includes:
- Internet protocol address
device event information such as crashes, system activity, hardware settings, browser type, browser language, the date and time of your request and referral URL.
- Cookies for terms of use
cookies that identify if you have agreed to our terms of service and privacy policy.
- Local storage
We collect information locally required for the games and apps you are playing. This data includes information like high scores, best times, game coins accumulated and other information used to improve experience.
- Cookies for game related data
Some of our older games use cookies instead of local storage for storing game related data.
Personal Information
We do not currently collect personal information. Log data collected by our web hosting providers (Amazon and GoDaddy) could potentially be used to personally identify you. Unfortunately we do not control the use of that information. It is also possible information collected by Google for placing ads and analyitics could be used to personally identify you. You will need to consult the privacy policies of our vendors (links provided at top of page) to understand how they manage your data.
How we use information we collect
BattleLine Games llc., does not collect sensitive information such as race, religion, sexual orientation, etc. We collect information related to apps and games that we use to improve the game experience. This information includes score and game play related information. Some of our vendors such as Google, Amazon, and GoDaddy collect your information while you are using our games. Google has provided it's own privacy policy that you should consult to understand the data they collect and use. Amazon and GoDaddy has access to server based log data which may include information such as user location information and IP Address.
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Information sharing
Most of the information we collect is stored locally on your machine and is not aggregated or shared. You can configure your browser to block cookies to prevent the storing of this data, but it will have an effect on your user experience. Information collected to create personalized versions of your game is typically shared publicly, such as when you create a personalized version of our word search game. That word search is made public on the Internet to anyone who would like to play. Information collected by our vendors, Google for Ads and Analytics, Amazon and GoDaddy for web hosting may be shared by those companies with other vendors based on their own privacy policies.
Social Tags
We are currently in the process of removing all social tags (e.g. facebook like buttons) from our websites. Some pages may contain social tags that have not been removed yet. These social tags allow companies like facebook to track your progress through our site. For many reasons we have decided to remove these tags from our web pages. During this process, you may encounter social tags on some of our web pages.
Information security
BattleLine Games LLC, is currently in the process of transitioning from http to the more secure https protocol.
When this Privacy Policy applies
This privacy policy applies to all web sites owned by BattleLine Games LLC, and embed Limited. These web sites will share a link to this privacy policy on the home page.
The Deuce (German: Daus, plural: Däuser) is the playing card with the highest value in German card games. It may have derived its name from dice games in which the face of the die with two pips is also called a Daus in German.[1]
Unlike the Ace, with which it may be confused, the Deuce represents the 2, which is why two hearts, bells, etc. are depicted on the card. In many regions it is not only equated to the Ace, but is also, incorrectly, called an Ace. In the south German area it has been historically called the Sow (Sau) and still is today,[1] because of the appearance of a wild boar on the Deuces in early card packs, a custom that has survived on the Deuce of Bells.
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Ei der Daus! (also: Was der Daus!) is an expression, similar, to 'What the deuce!' in English, which reflects astonishment, bewilderment or even anger. It is commonly, if wrongly, assumed to be an expression derived from card players' jargon.[2]
Comparison of German and French suits[edit]
| German playing cards | Deuce (German: Daus) |
| French playing cards | Ace (German: Ass, French: as) |
Origin and history[edit]
The word Daus as a description of the two pips on a die has been in use since the 12th century.[3] It comes from the Late Old High German, later Middle High German word, dûs, which was borrowed from the North French word, daus. This corresponds to the French word for 'two', deux, which in turn came from the Latin duos and duo. On the introduction of playing cards into the German language area at the end of the 14th century, the word was also transferred to the cards with the value 2. This card became the highest value playing card in the German card deck, the equivalent of the Ace in the French deck.
On the German playing card with the 2, the deuce, there is often a picture of a hog or sow. While Friedrich Kluge is unsure,[4] how the card came to be called the Daus, because he avers that there are no game rules that have survived from the Middle Ages, Marianne Rumpf is clear: The word 'Daus' is a term that has been taken over from the dice game.[5] However, unlike dice games, in which the 2 was a low throw and did not count for much, the deuce card played a special role as a trick card, because it could even beat the King. The Early New High German author, Johann Fischart, says thus: 'I have thrown out the Ace, Sow and Deuce of Bells, Clubs, Hearts respectively; but now I hold the Sow of Acorns which now reigns'.[6] The name Schwein ('hog') was also used for the deuce as may be read in the Reimchronik über Herzog Ulrich von Württemberg ('Rhyming Chronicle About Duke Ulrich of Wurttemberg'), which also reveals that the Deuce, like the Ace in the modern game of Skat, was worth 11 points: 'The King ought to beat all the cards. That is apart from the Hog. It wants then to be worth 11.'[7]
Early evidence of the depiction of a hog on the card is found as early as the 15th century, from which Deuces of Bells and Acorns have survived on which there is a wild boar. Decks with a hog or sow on the card along with the 2 of Bells have also survived from the year 1525 in the Swiss National Museum in Zürich and in a deck dating to 1573 made by the Viennese artist, Hans Forster. There is also a deck of cards by a Frankfurt manufacturer dating to 1573, on which the hog is found on a 2 of Hearts.[5] The link between the Deuce and the Sow is evinced by Johann Leonhard Frisch in his 1741 German-Latin dictionary: 'Sow in card game, from the figure of a sow, which is painted on the Deuce of Acorns, whence the other deuces are also called Sows.'[8]
How the boar ended up on the playing card is unknown. Hellmut Rosenfeld suspects that it was derived from the prize sow that played a role in local shooting festivals (Schützenfesten) and which was linked with the last sheaf of the harvest.[9] The description Sau may have been a corruption of the word Daus, and the depiction of a boar on the playing cards was simply a pictorial illustration of this etymological development.
According to Marianne Rumpf, the name comes from a Baden dialect in which the 'S' is spoken like a 'Sch' and the word Dausch is used for a female pig or sow.[10]
[One] can ... with a little imagination, picture that the players, in the excitement of the game when playing the trump card ... loudly emphasize their triumph by saying the name of the card.[5]
The Brothers Grimm state in their dictionary,[11] that the word Tausch ('Swap') was used for the four cards. Perhaps the word Dausch inspired card artists who illustrated the free space under the coloured symbols with a sow.[5]
The language of card players may also have given rise to the expression Däuser (also Deuser) for 'coins', recorded since the 19th century, because in a game played for money, the aces are worth cash. Quite similar is the saying Däuser bauen Häuser ('deuces build houses'), which has been used since 1850, because with a trick with several aces, one quickly scores the points needed to win.[12]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abGames played with German suited cards at www.pagat.com. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
- ^Lutz Röhrich: Lexikon der sprichwörtlichen Redensarten, 5 volume, Freiburg i. Br. 1991; Lemma Daus in Vol. 1, p. 309
- ^Belege für die Verwendung in mittelhochdeutscher Sprache im Wörterbuch der Grimms
- ^Friedrich Kluge: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache, revised by Elmar Seebold, 23rd edn. Berlin, New York, 1995; Lemmata 'Daus1' and 'Daus2', p. 164
- ^ abcdMarianne Rumpf: Zur Entwicklung der Spielkartenfarben in der Schweiz, in Deutschland und in Frankreich. In: 'Schweizerisches Archiv für Volkskunde' 72, 1976, pp. 1–32, doi:10.5169/seals-117151.
- ^Johann Fischart: Die wunderlichst vnerhörtest Legend vnd Beschreibung des … Hütleins …, 1591, in: Das Kloster, ed. by J. Scheible, Vol.10, 2: Fischarts kleinere Schriften, Stuttgart und Leipzig 1848, p.920; here quoted by Marianne Rumpf, p. 14
- ^Reimchronik über Herzog Ulrich von Württemberg und seiner nächsten Nachfolger, ed. by Eduard Frh. von Seckendorf, Stuttgart, 1863, p. 72; here quoted by Marianne Rumpf, p. 13
- ^Johann Leonhard Frisch: Teutsch-lateinisches Wörterbuch, Berlin, 1741, Vol. 2, p. 151; here quoted by Marianne Rumpf, p. 12
- ^Hellmut Rosenfeld: Münchner Spielkarten um 1500, Bielefeld, 1958, p. 11; paraphrased by Marianne Rumpf, p. 13
- ^Daus: Dausch in the Dictionary of the Brothers Grimm.
- ^Tausch in the Dictionary of the Brothers Grimm
- ^Heinz Küpper: Wörterbuch der deutschen Umgangssprache. 1st edition, 6th reprint, Stuttgart, Munich, Dusseldorf, Leipzig, 1997, keyword 'Daus', p. 160
Literature[edit]
- Marianne Rumpf: Zur Entwicklung der playing cardsnfarben in der Schweiz, in Deutschland und in Frankreich. In: „Schweizerisches Archiv für Volkskunde“ 72, 1976, pp. 1–32 (for Daus, see pp. 11–14)
External links[edit]
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- Media related to Deuces (playing cards) at Wikimedia Commons